Explore Topics

Explore Topics

Biology Within explains how the human body works in clear, plain language. Select a topic below to explore articles about cells, genes, immunity, microbes, disease, cancer, medicines and the systems that keep the body functioning.

Categories

Select a category to go directly to its complete list of articles.

Cancer and Tumor Biology

Explore how cancer begins, why abnormal cells continue growing, and how cancers can develop, invade nearby tissues and spread.

Cells and Tissues

Learn how human cells are structured, how they carry out essential processes, and how they work together to form tissues and organs.

DNA Genes and Proteins

Understand how DNA stores biological information, how genes provide instructions, and how cells use those instructions to make proteins.

Immunity and Inflammation

Understand how the immune system recognizes threats, protects the body and produces inflammation during infection, injury and disease.

Medicines and Therapeutics

Learn how medicines enter the body, reach their targets, change cell or organ activity, and are eventually broken down and removed.

Microbes and the Human Body

Explore the bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microbes that live around or inside us, including those that help the body and those that cause disease.

Organs and Body Systems

Discover how organs and body systems work together to maintain life, respond to change and keep internal conditions within safe ranges.

Repair and Disease Processes

Learn how cells and tissues respond to damage, repair themselves and adapt—and what can happen when these processes fail.

New articles will be added to these sections as Biology Within grows.

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What Is a Cell and How Does It Work?

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A cell is the smallest living unit of the human body. Cells take in nutrients, produce energy, make proteins, remove waste, respond to signals, and carry genetic information. About 30 trillion human cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that keep the body alive. [1]
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What Is Homeostasis and How Does the Human Body Maintain It?

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Homeostasis is the process by which the body keeps its internal conditions within safe ranges. Conditions outside and inside the body are always changing, so homeostasis does not create a fixed state. Instead, organs and control systems continually adjust body temperature, fluid levels, blood glucose, blood pressure and other conditions. These adjustments allow cells to function properly and help keep the body alive and healthy.
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When cells and tissues get injured, the human body immediately works to stop the harm and restore balance. Mildly injured cells can often heal and return to normal, while severely injured cells die. The immune system then clears away the dead debris and begins tissue repair. Depending on the type and extent of the damage, the tissue will either regenerate completely, form a scar, or gradually lose some of its normal function.
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